The Impact of Mobile Devices on Cybersecurity

Introduction Computing devices and the internet are two of the most important inventions of the 21st century. These technological breakthroughs have had a great impact on the personal and professional lives of people all over the world. Mobile devices are some of the equipments that utilize computing technology and the internet to provide communication services.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Impact of Mobile Devices on Cybersecurity specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Many organizations have exploited computing devices to increase their productivity. The last decade has witnessed a prevalence of mobile devices in the corporate environment. Glisson and Storer (2013) state that mobile devices have become ubiquitous in the information rich corporate environment with most corporations increasing their usage of these devices each year. This observation is corroborated by Friedman and Hoffman (2008) who declare that mobile devices have become important tools for organizational productivity. While mobile devices have increased the efficiency of employees by enabling them to access organizational information and services at any time and from any location, they have created some security concerns. Mobile devices have a potentially negative impact on the cyber security of an organization and as such, special attention should be given when using mobile devices in the organization. Security Impact of Mobile Devices The very popularity and extent of the use of mobile computing devices and the internet creates a special vulnerability to businesses. Computing devices and the internet have been used expansively by businesses since their invention in the mid 20th century. Many businesses exploited the efficient information processing ability of computers to gain a competitive advantage. Historically, computing devices were restricted to desktop systems that could only be used within the organization†™s environment. Wired technology was the primary means through which the system communicated (Bernik Markelj, 2012). However, there have been incredible developments in technology recently, in the form of wireless technology and mobile computing, which has changed the manner in which organizations access their information. Mobile communication began as a voice service and over the decades, it expanded to include data transmission and today we have 4G mobile communications (Dong, Joo, Chae, Wan, Yoo, 2013).Advertising Looking for essay on other technology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More These developments have made it possible for employees to have constant access to data and information. Purchases of mobile devices have already reached the billions and these devices have surpassed the personal computer as the prevalent method for accessing the internet (Patten Harris, 2013). This prevalence of mobile devices has exposed organizations to a wide number of security risks. In addition to the popularity and widespread use of computers by organizations, the ease of use and the compact nature of these devices is another thing that increases their vulnerability to attack. Mobile devices introduce security risks from the physical loss of the devices as employees move from the workplace to their home or client location. This threat of loss is arguably the most important cyber security risk since it can expose the organization to significant losses. Employees store important information in their devices to enable them to work outside the office. Loss and theft of the hand-held device can lead to significant damage to the organization. Friedman and Hoffman (2008) document that an organizations sensitive or intellectual property can be accessed by cyber-criminals once the devices are stolen. Keunwoo, Woongryul and Dongho (2012) confirm that there have been numerous cases of confidential business information bei ng leaked through mobile devices. In addition to this, the devices can expose the company to external attacks. Since the devices might be linked to the organizations database, they might provide an intruder with access to the domain and server system of the organization. When using non-mobile desktop systems, the risk of theft is minimal since most organizations implement good physical security to their offices. For sensitive information, organizations utilize state of the art security measures including biometric security systems. Besides the risk of being stolen, mobile devices also expose the organization by decreasing its ability to protect itself from cyber attacks. The internet is rife with security risks ranging from viruses, worms, and hacking attacks. An organization has to employ security solutions to protect its IT infrastructure from these threats. When dealing with non-mobile desktop systems and servers, the organization can implement a perimeter defense such as firewal ls and intrusion prevention systems (Glisson Storer, 2013).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Impact of Mobile Devices on Cybersecurity specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More These security measures ensure that the organizations computing infrastructure is safe from attacks. However, these strong security solutions cannot protect a device once it is outside the corporate perimeter. The mobile devices therefore suffer from an increased vulnerability to external attacks. Another way in which the security of an organization is compromised due to mobile devices is by the introduction of the risk of interception of communication. Mobile devices make use of some form of wireless communication. These communication formats include cellular radio, wireless LAN, and Bluetooth communication. Bernik and Markelj (2012) note that the internet is a crucial element of mobile devices with almost all of these devices providing a wir eless connection to the internet. The various wireless communications available have differing levels of security. Friedman and Hoffman (2008) states that in the non-mobile environment, the organization can impose stringent security protocols to the wireless networks. This security measures render the wireless network secure from external penetration. However, outside the controlled corporate environment, the mobile devices make use of unsecure networks including public Wi-Fi. Malicious elements can easily intercept the communication from these unsecure connections. In addition to the risk of interception, mobile devices cause a negative security impact by increasing risk of access to sensitive information by unauthorized persons. In many causes, employees use their personal devices for business and personal purposes. This convergence of use presents a problem since the device might be handled by the employees’ friends who are not supposed to handle the organization’s information. Bernik and Markelj (2012) observe that when wireless mobile communication devices are used, there is a blurring of the line between business and personal communications. This lack of boundaries can lead to sensitive corporate information being accessed by unauthorized parties through the mobile devices. Addressing the Security Issues Dealing with the cyber security risks introduced by mobile devices is imperative is organizations are to enjoy the benefits of these devices. A number of solutions have been proposed to mitigate or eliminate the security risks. Glisson and Storer (2013) state that organizations should implement specific security policies for mobile devices. All employees should be required to comply with the safety regulations.Advertising Looking for essay on other technology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More These regulations should include preventive measures and protocols for device use outside the corporate environment. Bernik and Markelj (2012) assert that by implementing security regulations for mobile devices, an organization can ensure that all information technology is used safely. Another way in which the security risks can be addressed is by having the IT department develop and implement a mobile device management (MDM) system that will ensure that the organization is able to comprehensively manage its employees’ devices. Keunwoo et al., (2012) state that the mobile device management system should be able to monitor mobile access, identify threats and provide appropriate protection. Being able to identify the mobile devices increases the level of control the organization has over its IT resources. MDM can also assist in preventing compromised mobile devices from accessing the network (Patten Harris, 2013). This effectively reduces the risks that compromised devices mig ht introduce into the main system. Conclusion Mobile devices introduce numerous cyber security risks to an organization that utilizes them. It began by defining mobile devices and highlighting why their usage has become prevalent in many organizations today. It then set out to show some of the inherent risks introduced to the organizations IT infrastructure by the devices. From the discussions presented in this paper, it is evident that mobile devices present risks in the form of unauthorized access to sensitive information contained on the device, attacks from malicious elements, and ease of interception of data due to reliance on unsecure networks. Addressing these cyber security risks is critical if organizations are to enjoy the many benefits of having their employees utilize mobile devices. The paper has shown that mobile devices can be safe if users are educated on the security risks and the devices are used in compliance with stringent safety regulations. However, if these me asures are not employed, these devices will continue to be the cause of great security risks to companies. References Bernik, I., Markelj, B. (2012). Unlimited Access to Information Systems with Mobile Devices: Information Security Perspective. International Journal of Education and Information Technologies, 6(1), 407-417. Dong, W.K., Joo, H., Chae, T., Wan, S., Yoo, J. (2013). A Practical Attack on Mobile Data Network Using IP Spoofing. Appl. Math. Inf. Sci. 7(6), 2345-2353. Friedman, J., Hoffman, V.D. (2008). Protecting data on mobile devices: A taxonomy of security threats to mobile computing and review of applicable defenses. Information Knowledge Systems Management, 7(1), 159–180. Glisson, B.M., Storer, T. (2013). Investigating Information Security Risks of Mobile Device Use within Organizations. NY: Americas Conference on Information Systems. Keunwoo, R., Woongryul, J., Dongho, W. (2012). Security Requirements of a Mobile Device Management System. International Jour nal of Security and Its Applications, 6 (2), 353-358. Patten, K., Harris, M.A. (2013). The Need to Address Mobile Device Security in the Higher Education IT Curriculum. Journal of Information Systems Education, 24(1), 41-52. This essay on The Impact of Mobile Devices on Cybersecurity was written and submitted by user Isai Hardin to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea, Twenty Thousand Years Later Essays

Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea, Twenty Thousand Years Later Essays Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea, Twenty Thousand Years Later Essay Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea, Twenty Thousand Years Later Essay Twenty Thousand leagues Under the Sea, Twenty Thousand Years Later â€Å"The year 1866 was signalized by a remarkable incident, a mysterious and inexplicable phenomenon, which doubtless no one has yet forgotten† (1). This is the opening sentence in Jules Verne’s Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea and as it draws you into this essay, it does so for his timeless novel right from the first line. He is believed to be one of the most skilled scientific and adventure writers of his time, and ours. Jules Verne’s novel has been around for years and years, but how has it been able to last through so many different eras? In this essay, proof will be brought to light as to how this book passed the tests of time. With amazing characterization, excitement and anticipation for any age group and his futuristic ideas, Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea easily lasted for centuries, and will for many more to come. Jules Verne’s skill of dynamic characterization keeps everyone interested in his books, and especially in Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea. His main characters of Captain Nemo, Professor Aronnax and Ned Land, each with their own personality, make for a remarkable book. Captain Nemo is the mysterious antagonist in the novel. We are first introduced to him after he has locked up Aronnax, Ned Land and Conseil in their room once aboard the Nautilus. Captain Nemo did finally reveal himself to them, but there were still many mysteries surrounding him, such as being gone for months on end with no one ever seeing him, or â€Å"Where did the captain gather this gold from? And what was he going to do with it? † (56). Not knowing where he is or what he is doing gets you to constantly turn the pages to find out more. Captain Nemo is not the only character that gets people of all sorts interested, Professor Aronnax does this as well. He is an intelligent man and readers enjoy hearing the story through his point of view â€Å"†¦I knew by the perpendicularity of the sun’s rays, which were no longer refracted. The magical colours disappeared by degrees, and the shades of emerald and sapphire were effaced. †(69). Pierre is captivated by the great submarine they have found themselves on and his character is able to describe how the ship works in great detail. Readers are able to enjoy this character because they too are fascinated by the happenings onboard the Nautilus. Ned Land is then considered a mix of Pierre and Nemo; he is also mysterious and yet is a very smart man. Ned is honest and true and although he also finds the submarine remarkable he verbally speaks of how he hates living here and plans on escaping. â€Å"We are in Europe; and before Captain Nemo’s caprices drag us once more to the bottom of the Polar Seas, or lead us into Oceania, I ask to leave the Nautilus†(145). Having all these characteristics combined on to one ship it makes for an amazing story with heads clashing, suspense and tensions running high. As mentioned, the character Ned Land is persistently attempting to break out. This makes for a great adventure and fast paced action that is not too gruesome for younger readers but is heart racing and exhilarating for older adult readers. When the captain finally lets his captives out to hunt out the island, Ned is thrilled. He thought it could be his chance to escape but the day ends with hooligans chasing them off the island. It is a classic ‘grab your stuff and go scene’ as everybody runs back to the submarine. â€Å"‘To the boat! I said, hurrying to the sea†¦We had not gone two cables’ lengths, when a hundred savages howling and gesticulating, entered the water up to their wastes. †(96). Just this one sentence of action gets your heart racing. It is no wonder this book has been read for the past century without being forgotten. That is not even the only point of action as it might be is some books. A second point of action occurs when the Na utilus gets stuck in the ice. Once again Ned wishes to take this chance to escape, but is unsuccessful as his only way to live would be to help the Nautilus be freed from the ice. The Nautilus was really imprisoned in a perfect tunnel of ice more than twenty yards in breadth, filled, with quiet water. ’ (201). In this section of the novel the anticipation of what will happen next is thrilling, and never gets old. The highest point of action occurs when Ned Land and the others actually do escape, but what keeps things interesting is that no one knows what happened to the submarine. ‘But what has become of the NUTILUS? Did it resist the pressure of the maelstrom? Does Captain Nemo still live? (244) Finally, this book was able to last through generations of people, because as the world grew up, so did this book. The ideas in it went from being far-fetched to in the realm of possibility to instruments we actually use today. Jules Verne was extravagantly ahead of his time al lowing the book to not seem ‘out of date’. Our first realization of how well thought out his writings are is when Professor Aronnax is on top of the submarine. Ships were still made of wood yet this SUBMARINE was a light and indestructible metal. â€Å"†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢Professor, that beast is made of sheet iron. ’†(30). Jules Verne was able to make it so believable to the people of his time that this submarine and how it worked was quite possible. Comparing captain Nemo’s inventions on the submarine to the inventions of the time Jules Verne was writing in is astonishing. To begin with, something as simple as the sewing machine was only invented in 1845 yet Jules Verne was writing about submarines and all the instruments associated with that. â€Å"‘There is a powerful agent, obedient, rapid, easy which conforms to every use and reigns supreme on board my vessel. Everything is done by means of it. It lights it, warms it, and is the soul of my mechanical apparatus. This agent is electricity. ’ ‘Electricity? ’ I cried in surprise. † (49). Jules makes his characters astonished by the fact that electricity is used, but the feeling is mutual with his readers. In this twenty first century it would make sense for everything to be run using electricity or battery power, but Verne was writing in the nineteenth century and was still able think it all possible. The usage of electricity and its realistic features is also seen with the ‘luminescence’ that is pointed out at the beginning of the novel. It wasn’t until 1878 that a practical and longer-lasting eclectic light bulb was invented. In Verne’s novel, â€Å"‘Never did pholades or shape produce such a powerful light. ’†(21). The Nautilus had lights in front of it so that it could see for miles ahead of itself. It is incredible that Verne’s knew that the study of electricity would develop enough that when we read his books it all seems true and realistic. It is said, in fact, that some things where invented based on, and using theories from this novel. This novel, amazingly written, will doubtless last many more years to come. It started out as a simple French novel written years ago and it became famous again after being translated to English so that more people would enjoy the read. It is interesting, although, that it is as remarkable in English, because when it was translated it lost some of its descriptive detail and idealist explanations. Imagine reading Twenty Thousand Leagues under the Sea in its original context, you would never set the book down, which you can barely do in this language. Verne, Jules. Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea.

Leadership and Management Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Leadership and Management - Research Paper Example All the complaints, problems and official liabilities of the nursing department have to be sorted by the chief nursing officer. Chief nursing officer must possess appropriate leadership skills because of the challenging demands that exist in working environment on daily basis. There are grave issues that take place in the health facilities like nursing staff deficiencies, human errors, life losses and patient dilemmas. Chief nursing officer has to make sure that the workflow of the health facility remains smooth and sound (Hader, 2011). Chief nursing officers are kind of leaders that are responsible for creating a special kind of patient care culture at the workplace so that the nurses working under him can know the fact that their main duty is to serve the needy patients whole heartedly. If the culture is based on human services and care then there will be really less issues and depleted problems. As a leader the chief nursing officers has to lead the nursing team and set examples. Chief nursing officer is responsible for creating cultures that support acts of courage and bravery in nursing. The American Organization of Nurse Executives has given a code of conduct to develop a good and groomed culture at the health care facilities (American Nurses Association, 2001). ... If the chief nursing officer will not show courage to take necessary and bold action, then there is a huge probability that the health care facility will not remain reliable in the eyes of the masses and overall organizational requirements of the hospital or health care facility will never be achieved. Corley (2002) described the ‘courage to take action’ in a morally declined society and stressful environments like that of any hospital as the most important factor in leading any health care environment. The nurses are normally over worked and inter-departmental conflicts occur on regular basis. CNO should be courageous enough to speak on behalf of the nurses and tell the upper hierarchies about the real needs of patients. Buresh and Gordon (2006) have argued that nurses must feel that the chief nursing officer is really working on their behalf and their voice is getting the appropriate outlet. Courage, conviction, and capacity to work in an adaptive way are the must have qualities of the chief nursing officers Chief nursing officers have the sole responsibility to make sure that patient care standards, clinical requirements and health standards are met at the health facility. He is accountable for any type of problems in the nursing department. Chief nursing officer has the duty to motivate, train and control the nursing staff and inculcate the fact in them that their main duty is to serve the patients. Any type of human error resulting in loss of human life or injury can cause detrimental effects to the health organization or hospital. The chief nursing officer just cannot issue orders and do nothing rather leadership and managerial

E-Business In Practice Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

E-Business In Practice - Essay Example This paper begins with conducting market analysis of e-books and e-readers. It then proceeds to evaluate the needs of customers with regards to e-books and e-readers. Further, the paper continues to analyse the disruptive effect of this technology to the publishing industry’s value chain. Finally, the paper conducts a strategic analysis of the future direction of this market and makes recommendations for conventional publishers to undertake in order to remain competitive in future.   This paper highlights that books are big business. According to PwC in 2009 people globally spent $108 billion on books. Already, readers in the twenty-first century use an increasing amount of electronic texts in the form of e-mails, web pages, text-messages, online catalogues, databases and e-newspapers. E-books are a natural extension to this move towards electronic text. In the United States the Association of American publishers reported revenues of   $969.9 million in 2011 for e-books excluding the religious category and sales from smaller, independent publishers. In Europe, the e-book and e-reader market is still in its infancy though it holds promise, especially in the UK, which stands to benefit from the extensive range of English-language e-books available.  The growth of e-books in the UK is expected to be driven by two factors: the proliferation of multifunctional devices, such as tablets and smartphones that can be used to access e-books, and the rising importance of the electronic special interest book market.  

The Marketing Research Discussions and the Understanding of the Paper

The Marketing Discussions and the Understanding of the Marketing Mix Concept - Research Paper Example Research is the amalgamation of data that has been taken over a period of time. It takes into account the qualitative as well as the quantitative details which are pursued a particular area of study and hence the results are envisaged only after the research has been completed. Research is a fact-finding exercise and it requires extensive planning and allocation of much-needed resources on the part of the researching party. The purpose of research is to seek answers that are raised in the wake of different queries and questions. The problems are solved after data is gained with the help of different tools and methodologies which come under the research heading. There are two different research methodologies - the primary research and the secondary research, both of which require the extensive finding of data and knowledge on the researcher's part. The primary research methods include sampling through questionnaires, survey methods, and one-on-one interviews. The questionnaires could be open-ended where there is room for respondents to spell out as much information as needed or these could be close-ended where the respondents are tied to certain answers from which they need to choose. These could also be mixed ended - having a combination of open-ended and close-ended questions and queries. The survey could be through interviews and questionnaires. This is basically a case of quantitative research where quantities and figures could be tabulated rather than quality which is judged through the use of secondary research methods. The secondary research methods include the usage of books, journals, websites, encyclopedia and other related information and knowledge which have already been sorted out and has been documented for pretty much the same purposes.Both primary and secondary pieces of research are used in unison so that the whole process of carrying out research is backed up with a solid basis of evidence and proof. The quantitative methods of marketing resear ch include the approaches that basically compute numbers and data, not concerning with the quality of the input which is being collected and rather focusing on the sheer quantity.  

African Americans Roles In The Revolutionary War History Essay

African Americans Roles In The Revolutionary War History Essay At the time of the Revolutionary War, the African American population in the colonies was approximately 500,000, which was about 20 percent of the total population. The history of the military roles of African Americans in the War for Independence is one that was rarely acknowledged until several decades after the war was over. The documents detailing how many African American men served, whether they were free or slave, where they served, and what their duties were are incomplete. What research has shown is telling about the culture of the time period and especially telling about the better part of the century that followed. It is difficult to estimate the number of African Americans who fought for both the Continental Army and the British Royal Army. The numbers people get are a general estimate given by what was actually documented and what historians have acquired through analysis of letters, diaries, and similar sources. African Americans participated in the War for Independence from the beginning to its conclusion, they did so in hopes that the freedoms their white counterparts would gain would also apply to them. Even though many knew that would not be the case they still fought praying that one day their efforts then would get them freedom. The right to fight was given and taken away at several points throughout the war. However, when African Americans were granted the right to fight, those willing to fight were never in short supply. Historians have estimated that at least 5,000 black soldiers fought for independence during the Revolutionary War. Among those African Americans that fought for independence would have undoubtedly been Crispus Attucks, a runaway slave living in Massachusetts in 1770. However, years before the first shots of the Revolution were fired, on March 5, 1770, five people were shot and killed, including Crispus Attucks, at the hands of the British Royal Army during what became known as the Boston Massacre. Just over a month before the first shots of the war were fired, on March 5, 1775, Dr. Joseph Warren spoke about the Boston Massacre and how the ideology of liberty was not only thought by whites but by all people: That personal freedom is the natural right of every man, and that property, or exclusive right to dispose of what he has honestly acquired by his own labor, necessarily arises therefrom, are truths which common sense has placed beyond the reach of contradiction. And no man, or body of men, can, without being guilty of flagrant injustice, claim a right to dispose of the persons or acquisitions of any other man or body of men, unless it can be proved that such a right has arisen from some compact between the parties, in which it has been explicitly and freely granted.  [1]   However, it must be noted that Dr. Joseph Warren was from Massachusetts, a hotbed for Patriots and also where only four percent of the population was African American.  [2]  Yet even in Massachusetts the legislature agreed to reject all African Americans from enlisting when the chances of an uprising occurring were extremely slight. Connecticut and Rhode Island followed suit and agreed to reject African Americans, at least for the first years of war.  [3]   For the first part of the war, many citizens operated under the ideology of staying true to their prejudices rather than realizing the practicality of using African American soldiers. Prejudice towards African Americans came from many citizens, including the President George Washington. Early on in George Washingtons life he believed that white blood not only lightened the skin but enlightened the mind, and he preferred to employ yellow-skinned servants within his home.  [4]  Unfortunately, his beliefs mirrored that of many others in the area. Others saw African Americans as savages, and as property so how could they possibly fight alongside actual people?  [5]  On the other side of the coin there were people who saw African Americans as humans but with the conflict at hand taking up so much energy, they did not believe that it was the time to discuss slavery which could cause fighting among the states. Regrettably, that divisive issue only gave the British a leg up in the co nflict. Even though remaining true to ones prejudices was widely practiced, it never stopped African Americans from wanting to fight for the cause. African Americans fought on both sides for many of the same reasons. Freedom was the number one driving factor for the African American slave in which side they fought for, either the Continental or Royal Army. Free African Americans, at times, were recruited but many chose to enlist. African American men, free or enslaved, chose which side to fight on based on what each side offered. The side was chosen by who offered them a better life after the war in many cases. In Massachusetts, the Committee of Safety reported to the Provincial Congress in May 1775 that à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Admission of any persons but freemen as soldiers would be inconsistent with principles being supported and would reflect dishonor on the colony.  [6]  That report, however, made no mention of what they would do with free African Americans. However, when George Washington was given command of the troops around Boston, he issued orders to recruiting officers that prohibited enlistment of any Negro. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ In the Continental Congress in September 1775, Edward Rutledge of South Carolina demanded that Washington discharge all blacksà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦but failed to receive the necessary votes from other representatives.  [7]  On October 8, 1775, the Council of War convened to discuss several issues concerning the Continental Army. Those in the council included such men as Commander in Chief, George Washington, several Major-Generals: Ward, Lee, and Putnam, as well as many Brigadier-Generals: Thomas, Spencer, Heath, Sullivan, Green, and Gates. Among the issues discussed was whether or not to allow African Americans to enlist or re-enlist in the Continental Army, and if they were to allow them to do so, would free men as well as slaves be allowed to enlist. The councils decision: Agreed, unanimously, to reject all slaves, and, by a great majority, to reject Negroes altogether.  [8]  However, there were some dissenting opinions in the council, as was the case with General Thomas. In a letter from General Thomas to John Adams, written in the same month the Council of War convened, Thomas wrote: We have some negroes; but I look on them, in general, as equally serviceable with other men for fatigue; and in action many of them have proved themselves brave.  [9]  Approximately twenty days later, George Washington issued a General Order stating: Any person therefore (Negroes excepted, which the Congress do not incline to inlist again) coming with a proper Order and will subscribe the Inlistment, shall be immediately supplied.  [10]  Again, on November 12, 1775, Washington issued another General Order to make sure all recruiters were aware of his previous decision. The Order stated: Neither Negroes, Boys unable to bare Arms, nor old men unfit to endure the fatigues of the campaign, are to be inlisted.  [11]   Several whites in the Southern colonies held a deep opposition to African Americans (free or enslaved) enlisting in the Continental Army, because they feared the idea of them being armed. Whites in the South also feared armed African American men because of the possibility of a slave rebellion and the possibility of losing their slaves which they saw as property. The British Royal Governor, Lord Dunmore of Virginia, readily saw the weakness in the colonies of slaveholders in the South. In November 1775, he issued a proclamation stating: I do, in virtue of the power and authority to me given, by his majesty, determine to execute martial law, and cause the same to be executed throughout this colony; and to the end that peace and good order may the sooner be restored, I do require every person capable of bearing arms, to resort to his majestys standard, or be looked upon as traitors to his majestys crown and government, and thereby become liable to the penalty the law inflicts upon such offencesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ And I do hereby further declare all indentured servants, negroes, or others (appertaining to rebels) free, that are able and willing to bear arms, they joining his majestys troops as soon as may be, for the more speedily reducing this colony to a proper sense of their duty to his majestys crown and dignityà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.  [12]   Lord Dunmore promised freedom to any slave of anyone the Majesty would consider a rebel. However, similar to the colonies, allowing African Americans to enlist in the British Royal Army was not completely unanimous. Many of the free or runaway African Americans who had joined the loyalists, at least those who had not already died, were discharged from their positions. However, a month and a half after Washingtons General Order was issued and Lord Dunmores game changing proclamation was issued, Washington wrote a letter to the President of Congress, John Hancock: It has been represented to me, that the free Negroes who have served in this Army, are very much dissatisfied at being discarded. As it is to be apprehended that they may seek employ in the Ministerial Army, I have presumed to depart from the Resolution respecting them and have given licence for their being enlisted, If this is disapproved by Congress I shall put a stop to it.  [13]   In September of 1776, the Continental Congress required states to come up with 88 battalions to assist the Continental Army. At that point their resources where almost completely exhausted and when the Continental Congress requested another 16 battalions, recruiting African American became a crucial necessity. The Revolutionary War set a precedent for allowing African Americans to enlist or be recruited only in times of dire need. As the war went on officers easily recognized the need to enlist African Americans, otherwise their troops would continue to dwindle and that would ultimately mean the war would be lost to the Tories. Clearly, that was not an option. African Americans, for the most part, took on the beliefs of the cause as their own. Just because the color of their skin was different did not mean they did not believe in liberty, quite the contrary in fact. Lemuel Haynes, a free African American man from New England, who was also one the minutemen at Lexington and Concord, wrote to Congress in 1776 on the matter of liberty. In his letter, Haynes writes: To affirm, that an Englishman has a right to his Liberty, is a truth which has Been so clearly Evinced, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ But I query, whether Liberty is so contracted a principle as to be Confind to any nation under Heaven; nay, I think it not hyperbolical to affirm, that Even and affrican, has Equally as good a right to his Liberty in common with Englishmenà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Consequently we may suppose, that what is precious to one man, is precious to another,à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Therefore we may reasonably Conclude, that Liberty is Equally as precious to a Black man, as it is to a white one.  [14]   Haynes, like many other African American men, hoped that his faithful service to the Continental Army would prove to whites who were in disbelief that they, too, deserved the unalienable rights listed in the Declaration of Independence.  [15]  Haynes later went on to become the first African American clergymen to be formally ordained, as well as marry a white woman and have nine children.  [16]   African Americans experienced greater racial equality while serving in the Continental Navy than they did while serving in the army. That being the case, many African American men served in the navy during the Revolutionary War, doing so for several reasons. The ever present manpower shortages of the time, not only on land but also at sea, caused both the Continental Navy and Royal Navy to enlist African Americans into the navy. Different from the Continental Army, the Navy recruited both free and enslaved African American from the start of the war. The Navy did this mostly because they were in need of sailors, no matter what color they were. To both the enslaved and free, privately owned ships were more attractive than the Continental or state navies. For runaway slaves, there was less chance of being caught, and in general, the pay was much better than the army. However, African Americans still served in and on both because the pay was good, being roughly equal to the pay for white sailors. Not only was the pay generally equal, the majority of the Navies ships had crews that were integrated.  [17]  On ships African Americans gratefully accepted roles whites were not willing to accept. Some of their duties included cooking, cleaning, managing the ships sails, mending any damages the ship sustained in battles.  [18]  However, there were also African American sailors that served in marine units from Pennsylvania and Connecticut for example, and as ship pilots, mainly coming from Maryland and Virginia.  [19]   The First Rhode Island regiment à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Peter Salem was born into slavery; however, one of his owners freed him so he could enlist in the Continental Army.  [20]  He became one of the Minutemen; he fought at Concord, Bunker Hill where he was credited for firing the shot that killed a British Major, Saratoga, and Stony Point. (CITE) Salem Poor who was born free, is another excellent example of bravery and willingness to fight on the part of African Americans. Salem Poor fought at Bunker Hill where he shot a British Lieutenant. It was there at Bunker Hill where Poor earned the respect of several white officers who stated: That a negro called Salem Poor, of Col. Fryes regiment, Capt. Ames company, in the late battle at Charlestown, behaved like an experienced officer, as well as an excellent soldier, to set forth particulars of his conduct would be tedious, we only beg leave to say, in the person of this said negro centers a brave and gallant soldier. The reward due to so great and distinguished a character, we submit to Congress.  [21]   Without a doubt there are many other stories expressing great examples of gallantry and courage from African Americans that served in the Revolutionary War, unfortunately, the color of their skin, at the time, dictated what and how much was documented about them. Public acknowledgment for their service to the country did not come out until well over half a century after the war had concluded and while another war was in full swing. The Army and Navy Journal published an article in September of 1863 on Negro Soldiers in the Revolution. The article stated: The record is clear, that from the beginning to the conclusion of the war of the Revolution, Negroes served in the Continental armies with intelligence, courage, and steadfastness; and that important results in several instances are directly traceable to their good conduct.  [22]   For their service in the military, only a few African Americans received some kind of acknowledgment. The great majority, even though serving their country with courage and bravery, stayed out of the spotlight. Without the participation of African Americans in the Revolutionary War, especially on the side of the Patriots, the outcome may have been drastically different. African American soldiers of the Revolution served with the same bravery and courage as their white brothers. They served that way even knowing that they might not be able to enjoy the freedoms over which the war was fought.

Jane Eyre :: essays research papers

In the two stories, Jane Eyre and The Yellow Wallpaper, the main characters are faced with various encounters with authority. Jane and the Narrator are the central characters that are faced with these authority figures, and an external as well as an internal relationship is developed with the figures that have power over them. These two women also display a unique use of authority to benefit themselves at various points in the stories. Jane and the Narrator are first alike in the way that they outwardly express their feelings about the situations they are in by the use of actions and words. This open, verbal communication with these figures in their lives is a common trait between them, but what differs is that Jane's communication is positive (she gets her feelings in the open and is understood) and the Narrator never gets listened to. The second similarity between Jane and the Narrator is the inner attitude that they feel about the figures of authority. This attitude is present in both characters as the reader sees their inner thoughts and feelings as well as the words and actions that take place when the authority figures are not around. The last criterion that is common to both Jane and the Narrator is that each woman gains a power of authority near the end of their story. What differs between the two is how they go about possessing the authority, and how they use it when they finally have it. The end result is made up of similarities between the two women's characteristics, but differences in the way that they use those characteristics in their lives. The novel Jane Eyre is about a young girl who goes through her life struggling with various life issues. Jane encounters people that treat her with little respect, the feeling of being trapped in situations that she is not happy in, and learning how to grow up as a poor girl who has to make all of her own decisions without any help.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A significant starting point in the novel Jane Eyre is at her arrival at Thornfield, and her meeting with Mr. Rochester. At that estate Jane is employed as the governess of a small child named Adele. At this point in Jane’s life, she is learning what it is like to be a paid subordinate under a master. This proves to be a good learning experience for Jane, and as the character of Rochester goes on to shape her life as she stays there, Jane learns and grows along with her feelings.