Tuesday, December 31, 2019

School Uniforms are a Terrible Idea - 984 Words

Refutation essay- â€Å"school uniforms are a terrible idea† The essay school uniforms are a terrible idea states that. School uniforms fail to achieve the goals for which a school uniform was established suck as to save students money to, to prevent violence, and create a more organized school environment. The essay also states the uniforms restrict student’s freedom of expression. That school uniforms have led to more violence and that since no studies have yet proven that a uniform policy can solve more problems than they create. This is not necessarily true and uniform policies are not nearly as terrible as the essay would like us to believe. The essay states that the intent of school uniforms was to save students money but that instead†¦show more content†¦And concludes that uniforms are a terrible idea but it is based on the assumption that because one event happened before the next then the first event must have caused the second which commits the fallacy of post hoc. It could have been the uniforms or a violent argumen t could have arisen over something such as sports. She/he then claims that if we do not eliminate uniform policies in every public school then by 2015 there will be fights and bullying every day and students will not be safe in their classrooms or cafeterias. And concludes that we should eliminate school uniforms but this argument assumes that if uniform policies are put in school nationwide then the only possible outcome would be nightmare scenario of ramped bullying and violence will also spread nationwide and that that is not a desirable outcome but this commits the logical fallacy of slippery slope. Uniforms could also reduce violence by giving bullies one less reason for bullying. The writer of the essay â€Å"school uniforms are a terrible idea† commits many fallacies in her essay such as the false analogy that because in one instance with her/his brother the uniforms were more expensive than in regular clothes then all uniforms must be very expensive. She also uses ips e dixit when claiming that Hollywood and movie makers know about uniforms because they made movies about private schools with uniform policies. She also uses post hoc when stating that uniforms cause violence just because her/hisShow MoreRelatedSchool Uniform Debate Essay519 Words   |  3 Pagesâ€Å"School Uniforms: Yes, or No† The concept of having school uniform is a topic that has been debated fir any years. Some students find uniforms necessary, others just hate the colors. I think that the students who think uniforms are unnecessary are wrong. Uniforms are an excellent idea and can help school students be more disciplined, have an equal environment, and enjoy greater academics. School uniforms are a great way to maintain a level of social equality. There are more positive effectsRead More Dress Codes and School Uniforms Essay1709 Words   |  7 PagesDress Codes and School Uniforms The ringing of the alarm clock that is placed conveniently beside your bed wakes you. The sound startles your brain into getting out of your warm, cozy bed. It is time to go to school. You must wake up now in order to make it on time. If you are late again, your teacher will probably give you that nasty look of dismissal. What are you going to wear? Is this a dilemma you face each morning? Do you have trouble wanting to get out of your bed, and then you areRead MoreThe Complete Persepolis By Marjane Satrapi And I Am Nujood1495 Words   |  6 PagesOne element will always define a person: where one grew up, one’s culture. This simplistic idea, this thought, this lifestyle is what defines humanity, joy, right, wrong, and the absence or abundance of truth. Growing up in the U.S, one is given an almost intolerance for acts that are against one’s own culture. These ethnocentric ideals, ideals that look down upon other cultures for the differences from one’s own culture, come from American pride and the patriotism that the country gives. HavingRead More Jonathan Kozols Savage Inequalities: Children in America’s Schools1185 Words   |  5 PagesJonathan Kozols Savage Inequalities: Children in America’s Schools In this detailed and shocking book, Jonathan Kozol describes the horrific and unjust conditions in which many children in today’s society are forced to get their education. Kozol discusses three major reasons for the discrepancies in America’s schools today: disparities of property taxes, racism, and the conflict between state and local control. The first of these reasons is that of the differences of available propertyRead MoreResidential Schools Vs. Public Schools1253 Words   |  6 Pagescultures. The residential school system in Canada was operated by the government, where the native children were aggressively forced away from their loved ones to participate in these schools (1000 Conversations). The government had a concept, where they can modernize the native children, aged of three to eighteen and extinguish the aboriginal culture. In the twentieth century the Canadian Public School’s had arrived and had improved treatments than residential schools. In Contrast, the treatmentsRead MoreMy Day At School At The Vietnam Of Vietnam709 Words   |  3 Pageshigher education in Ho Chi Minh, a major city in the south of Vietnam. That was my first time I lived far away from my family. I felt very excited and a little bit nervous because I didn’t know either anybody or the roads. I had the first day at school on the next day but there were so numerous interesting things that were attractive me. Particularly, I decided to walk around my new neighborhood and discovered unfamiliar things here. This city was a bustling zone. I saw hundreds of stores aroundRead MoreWhen I Hear The Words `` Eating Disorder, So Many Things Go Through My Head1561 Words   |  7 Pagesbegan eighth grade this became the most apparent. Middle school is a weird time, half of your friends are turning into women, while some are still girls in the eyes of doctors. Regardless, everyone thinks that this time period is the end of the world. During my eighth grade year, my middle school introduced uniforms, collared shirts tucked into khakis with a belt. I still hate uniforms, but as a thirteen-year-old who was not pencil thin, the ide a of tucking your way to tight Hollister polo into khakiRead MorePublic Schools Vs. Canadian Schools1668 Words   |  7 Pagessimilarities between the residential school system and the Canadian pubic school system, there are many major differences. Residential schools were introduced back in the 1870’s, they were made to change the way native children spoke their languages and how they viewed their cultures. The residential school system in Canada was operated by the government, where the native children were aggressively forced away from their loved ones to participate in these schools (â€Å"1000 Conversations†). The governmentRead MoreThe Famous Last Thoughts Of My Dying Hope For Success1492 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"And remember class, your essays are due tomorrow,† the famous last thoughts of my dying hope for success. Ever since writing mo longer became about how well you understood and developed ideas, my progression towards a well published essay slow ly rolled down the hill to failure. This could be caused by my lack of discipline, drive to perfection, or my sheer ability to misspell words like misguided, random, and unorganized (which, ironically, are all words that could be used to describe my writingRead MoreThe Choosing by Liz Lochhead Anlysis1600 Words   |  7 Pagesinfluenced one’s choice; hence the title of the poem is ‘The Choosing’. In the poem the author compares her life to her best friend’s life. In their childhood days they were equal in almost anything they did including their appearance, behaviour at school, level in education and even houses because they were expected to be like that. As life moved on different decisions were made and the two girls had developed totally different characters. As the persona exposes the options that were available to

Monday, December 23, 2019

The Portrayal of Industrialization in London by William Blake

In â€Å"London† by William Blake the grunge, and domineering nature of a city engaged in a transformation of industry, is articulated through the setting. London of the poem, and the 1700s and 1800s, was griped by a sense of overwhelming entrapment in the mechanical comings and goings of industry. This massive shift is expressed through the stark nature of the setting, and the speaker’s awareness of a sense of confinement, and malaise in the face of great progress. Blake’s choices in the portrayal of industrialized London, is one aimed to express the overwhelming battle between machinery, and flesh in a city gripped by the throws of revolution. It is through the city itself, and the people who inhabit it that Blake elects†¦show more content†¦The infectious nature of misery, is mass-produced much like the goods and products being made within the towering structures. Blake continues to use the setting and language to further describe a forbidding sense o f apathy that has taken with it the human like qualities of the inhabitants. In this city of desecration it is the â€Å"hapless Soldiers sigh† that †Runs in blood down Palace walls.† A soldier whose function to obey orders without thought echoes that of a machine. It is his apathy in the face of perceived predetermined failure ,and disregard for authority however that is characteristic of a society concerned only with the amassment of wealth is the most damaging. The â€Å"chartered street† and a â€Å"chartered Thames† create a setting that in itself is structured and designed much like the blueprints of factories. Blake’s â€Å"mind-forged manacles† are the barriers created in the minds of those who inhabit the city that further cement their entrapment. William Blake’s â€Å"London† is a poem not only aimed at speaking to the impacts of industrialization on a city, but also to the loss of humanity that is associated wit h the quest for the acquisition of material wealth and power. The mechanical nature of the city, and the darkness that seems to hover over and within it, is conveyed through the setting. The environment of Blake’s London leaves the reader in search of unfound salvation. The ongoing war between flesh andShow MoreRelated Childhood1804 Words   |  8 PagesAt its fundamental level, adulthood is simply the end of childhood, and the two stages are, by all accounts, drastically different. In the major works of poetry by William Blake and William Wordsworth, the dynamic between these two phases of life is analyzed and articulated. In both Blake’s Songs of Innocence and of Experience and many of Wordsworth’s works, childhood is portrayed as a superior state of mental capacity and freedom. The two poets echo one another in asserting that the individual’s

Sunday, December 15, 2019

Fordism Spawning New Management Styles Free Essays

string(78) " a deskilling of the workers, and have been criticised on humanistic grounds\." Introduction. In this essay the focus is on Henry Ford and Fordism. The first paragraph of the essay is an introduction of Fredrick W Taylor, and how Fordism is derived from the ideas of Taylorism. We will write a custom essay sample on Fordism: Spawning New Management Styles or any similar topic only for you Order Now It also looks at the main ideas behind Fordism and scientific management. Further in the essay the importance is to look at the different ideas of Fordism (the mass-production, the $5 day, the division of labour and management style), and on why it was important at is time and the effect following from those ideas. The essay has two different paragraphs discussing the positive and the negative effects of Fordism on management and organisations, and workers and society. In the end of the essay there is some paragraphs about the new forms of management developed after Fordism, and the management styles discussed in this paragraphs are about Neo-Fordism and Post-Fordism. In the early 20th century the ideas of scientific management was created by Frederick W. Taylor, and these new ideas of management style had a big impact on the economy at that time, and for many decades following. In this new form of management, the word efficiency became a central part of the manufacturing process. Some of the strongest characteristics of Taylorism are the division of labour, the structure of control over task performance and the implicit minimum interaction employment relationship. (Craig R Littler 1978) The new role of management was now to scientifically analyse the task that was performed in the manufacture, and then to design the jobs to eliminate all unnecessary time and motion waste. Fordism is derived from Taylorism, and in which Fordism added some new ideas to scientific management, like the assembly line. (RMIT University2012)Fordism is a term that is used to describe mass-production using an assembly line technology to make it possible for a better division of labour and time, with motion management techniques. (RMIT University 2012). It has derived from Henry Ford (1863-1947) a car manufacturer which was perceived as the inventor of mass-production, by installing specialized machines, the flow line of assembly work and using the ideas of Taylorism (Frederick W. Taylor) in his car-manufacture, which led to Henry Ford producing millions of identical cars at a lower production cost which made the cars more affordable. (Ray Batchelor 1994 ; Palgrave Macmillan 2012) The ideas of Taylorism that Henry Ford took into his car manufacturing were the ideas of maximising job fragmentation, minimizing of skill requirements, a minimization of handling component parts and material, separate indirect and direct labour and separate planning and doing. RMIT University2012) Fordism was important in its time, and some of the new ideas of Fordism played an significant role in change in the production, economy, and the relationship between the managers and workers. One of the main ideas of Fordism was mass-production, which made it possible to produce products at a lower cost, through spreading the fixed costs out on a large amount of outputs, and the cars could therefore be sold cheaper. Fred Thomsen 2007) Ford managed to produce practical cars which was within the reach of the average American person. (Robert J Antonio, Alessandro Bonanno 2000) One of Henry Fords main contributing to mass production was the standardization, and this had to be done at perfection, so he had to exploit in machinery tools which made is possible to use the assembly line, so every workers only had to perform one simple task. Fred Thompson 2007) At Ford’s manufacturing’s they made almost all they needed from the raw material, because he had a lot of knowledge about mass production techniques, and could therefore keep the business economic sustainable by doing all of the parts of the production in he’s own manufacture with his own workforce( even though it required more workers, which needed a lot of management to keep control over), but he also vertically integrated because Ford had a scepticism about accounting and finance, but if he did it himself he would have more control, and could easier direct the flow of raw material. Fred Thompson 2007) But whit the mass production, it was also a small differentiation in the products, in Ford’s case the cars, and one example for that was Henry Ford once saying â€Å" you can have the car in what ever colour you like, as long as its black†. Fordism led the transformation from an agriculture to an economy growing because of mass production and mass consumption. Fred Thompson 2007)The mass production and mass consumption led to an economic growth and widespread material advancement (Fred Thomsen 2007; Robert Boyer 2010) One of the main principle of Fordism was the $5 day, which was double the normal pay and working less hours for those who were qualified, so the workers would stay loyal and work efficient, but also so his own workers would be able to afford the car he was producing, and the demand for Ford cars would increase. But for the workers to be qualified they had to have a satisfactory life-stile, like absence from alcohol (RMIT University 2012) But the $5 day was criticised, from example the socialist daily news people, saying is was a scheme to make it difficult for the competitors, but in the general public the $5 days was perceived as a risky move, but also bold, democratic and magnanimous. (Ray Batchelor 1994) It have also been said that Fordism and it higher wages led to productivity growth, economic growth but also an inflation growth. Mark Goodwin, Joe Painter1996) The higher wages was also created so the efficient and good workers still wanted to work in the Ford manufacturing with the new type of management. In Fordism it was a managerial hierarchy (top-bottom), technical controls and strict time-limits, and every task was separated into their simplest constituent elements, making the work routinized. (Robert J Antonio, Alessandro Bonanno, 2000; RMIT University 2012) But the work task of speeding it all up and making every work task easy led to a deskilling of the workers, and have been criticised on humanistic grounds. You read "Fordism: Spawning New Management Styles" in category "Papers" RMIT Universit 2012; F. Xu, T. Rickards 2007) With the deskilling of the workers the managers perceived the workers as stupid, and therefore all the decision making was taken away from them, and they were treated like replaceable parts of the machinery. (F. Xu, T. Rickards 2007) Fords business got the affect of the cooperation costs, because with the deskilling of workers, and wanting to have control over the quantity and quality over the workers performance, they needed to hire management to conduct those jobs, which were extra expenses. RMIT University 2012) And with the workers constantly being controlled and supervised, the relationship between the managers and the workers became tense and the workers lost commitment to Fords manufacture, because they were frustrated and diss atisfy, but this led to management having to control the workers even more. (RMIT University 2012) It is important to highlight that there were positive affects from Fordism on the society and worker, and on management and organisation. For rganisations Henry Ford showed that products could be produced a lot more efficient by using machinery and technology, which led to a lower fixed production cost and firms could therefore make a bigger profit and get a bigger market share (Fred Thompson 2007) Ford kept continuous to improve the production on the car manufacturing process, as with for example the car T-model, where he had studied the shortest task cycle of the T-model assembly line, which reduced human effort that led to increased productivity level while reducing the production costs. Greg Grandin 2009) Henry Ford needed a lot of management staff in his business to achieve control over the workers and because he was running the business vertically integrated he needed more managi ng staff, which meant a higher form of bureaucratization, which set the steps for modern corporations, and in some cases even for local government. (Mark Goodwin and Joe Painter 1996) In the view of the society and workers Fordism gave them some positive contributions. As mentioned Henry Ford doubled the pay, the $5 day, and he reduced the working day down to eight hours, and he reduced the working week down to five days for the workers that was qualified and lived by a good lifestyle. (RMIT University 2012) This started a cycle of high real income which led to the mass consumption , and increased the demand for goods, as well as the car Henry Ford him self were producing. (RMIT University 2012) Also with letting his workers work less hours per week, they had extra time on hand which led to the start of a new industry which were focused on leisure. Fordism also had negative effects on management and organisation, and workers and society. After Fordism had lasted for a while in The USA, were Fordism originated from, the production growth and economic growth started to decline in the 1960s for various factors, but one of the main reasons were that the durable consumer goods and process technologies had entered the maturity phase of the life-cycle and they were not able to find any new mass markets which led to stagnation in growth and decline in jobs. (annemieke J. M. Roobeek 1987) Since one of the main concepts of Fordism was mass-production, it led to a major crisis because of the constrains of productivity slow down. (Robert Boyer 2010) As for the workers under Fordism they had to perform heavy workloads on rotation of relatively unskilled, repetitive tasks and with a assembly line that was speeded up as fast as it could contributed to a highly stressful work environment. (S. Edgell 2006) The new work tasks for the workers also led to a deskilling of the workers. RMIT University 2012) The deskilling of workers was highly criticized, even by Frederick W Taylor, saying that Fords assembly line workers assembled gorillas. (Fred Thompson 2007) Fordism had some positive and negative aspects on management, but after Fordism hit the crisis of production slowdown in the 1960s it was clear that some changes had to be done, and the Hawthorn experiment that were conducted in the 1920s showed cleared in the experiment that one of the main issues were th a workers also had physiological and social needs in the work place, which should be included in a new form of management style. RMIT University 2012; Robert Boyer 2010) The first alternative developed was Neo-Fordism, which were later followed by Post-Fordism. (RMIT University 2012) Neo-Fordism was build up on modifications on Fordism, rather than abandon all the original ideas of Fordism. Some of the areas of Fordism that was modified were on the simplification and fragmentation of work, the control over the workers time limits working via the assembly line, and there were no longer a standardization of products and parts via single purpose machines. S. Edgell 2006) In Neo-Fordism the working practice were flexible to fit the contemporary operations work . (RMIT University 2012) One of the first car manufacturers that modified the ideas of Fordism into Neo-Fordism was the Swedish car company Volvo, which included a greater job rotation for the workers, with extended work tasks, as responsibility for the quality, which gave the workers job enlargement and they got to cooperate together as a work team. S. Edgell 2006) In the Volvo car manufacture the process of destandardization of the products and parts was achieved because of their flexible carrier system, which made it possible for the work rotation, team work, but the work stations were still divided into different station as in Fordism and Taylorism and they still used the time limits. Volvos attempt to re-organise their production was successful at many areas, the workers working conditions got better which led to a better job satisfaction among them, and the quality of work increased and they still managed to have the same times on their assembly lines. (S. Edgell 2006) Post-Fordism, also know as after Fordism was a new type of management that did not build on Fordism, but who broke with the main concepts of it, and focused on flexible specialisation instead. (S. Edgell 2006) The perspective of Post-Fordism was to focus on the need of flexibility, with innovation being of importance. John Mathews 1989) In Fordism the focus were on mass production, via special purpose machines and assembly line to get the mass production of standardized products, which also led to the deskilling of workers, Post-Fordism on the other hand is focused on flexibility and the skills of the workers to make high-quality customized products. (S. Edgell 2006) Post-Fordism is different from the competing Neo-Fordism because it is based on the skill inputs of the workers and the workers high level of responsibility, whereas in Neo-Fordism the focus is one improving the recognition and social cohesion of the work while using the ideas of Fordism. John Mathews 1989; RMIT University 2012) Post-Fordism have put the focus on the skilled worker, but the danger that comes with that is the threat of dualization, with a big class different between a skilled worker and the mass of unskilled workers. (John Mathews 1989) In Post-Fordism the focus is on the skilled workers, and skilled workers can use computer technology to adjust production in responds to demand quickly, and will therefore avoid some of the main problems of Fordism. To Be able to succeed in a competitive and ever-changing environment, flexibility is one character of main importance. S Edgell 2006) Conclusion: The history of Fordism shows us a management style that worked on some areas and failed in others. The pro duction became more efficient, which made it more profitable for the owners, which also led to lower priced products and the introduction of the $5 wages. Fordism brought with it mass production which led to mass consumption, and formed an economic growth in the society. But while people were able to earn more money and consume more, it also had a negative aspect of deskilling the workers, and who also had to work under though working conditions physically and socially. In the 1960s it was productivity slow down, and even though they could still mass-produce, the market didn’t longer have a big demand for it. When the crises of Fordism hit, new styles of management were developed, some just modifying Fordism, as Neo-Fordism and some styles that completely broke of with the ideas of Fordism, as Post-Fordism. In these new forms of management, the workers became a central part. Neo-Fordism kept many of the ideas of Fordism, but changed the ideas around the working environment, so the workers would be physically and socially satisfied. Post-Fordism has showed a complete difference from Fordism, and is more focused on flexibility and the skills of the workers and customized highly qualified products. Fordism was good in many areas in it prime time, because it led to a economic growth, but as time goes by it brings changes to the economy and the need of society, which means that management styles should changes with it, and adapt to make it work. Reference list: †¢RMIT University (Ed). 2012. ‘Introduction to Management’. Palgrave Macmillan, South Melborune. †¢Grandin, G 2009. Forlandia; The rise and fall of Henry Ford’s forgotten jungle city’, Metropolian Books, New York. †¢Matthews, J 1989, ‘Ages of Democracy; the politics of Post-Fordism’, Oxford University Press, Normanby Rd, SA. †¢Edgell, S 2006, ‘The sociology of work: Continuity and change in paid and upaid work’, Sage, Thousand Oaks, London †¢Goodwin, M, Painter, J 1996, ‘Local governance, the crises of Fordism and the changing geographies of Regulation’, Transaction of the institute of British Geographers, new series, vol 21, No 4, pp 635-648, Wiley Blackwell †¢Boyer, R 2010, ‘Is a financial-led growth regime a viable alternative to Fordism? A Preliminary analysis’ [https://dx. doi. org/10. 1080/030851400360587] †¢Xu, F, Rickards, T 2007, ‘Creative Management: A predicted development from research into creativity and management’, Creativity and innovation Management pp 216-228 †¢Thompson, F 2007, ‘Fordism, Post-Fordism and the flexible system of production’, viewed 29. September 2012. [http://www. willamette. du/~fthompso/MgmtCon/Fordism_%26_Postfordism. html] †¢Batchelor, R 1994, ‘Henry Ford, mass production, modernism and design’, Manchester University Press, Oxford Rd, Manchester †¢Antonio, RJ, Bonanno, A 2000, ‘A new global Capitalism? : â€Å"Americanism and Fordism† to â€Å"Americanization-Globalization†, pp 33. 77 [https://ojsprdap. vm. ku. edu/index. php/amerstud/article/viewFile/3102/3061] How to cite Fordism: Spawning New Management Styles, Papers

Saturday, December 7, 2019

Macro Economics Tax Reduction

Question: Describe about the Macro Economics for Tax Reduction? Answer: Tax reduction by the government is a form of expansionary fiscal policy. With tax cut by the government, consumers have more disposable income. This means less money paid to the tax authority i.e. more money in the pockets of consumers, leading to increased spending and less saving. The output equation becomes: Y=C(Y-T) +I+G+NX Where, Y=Output, C=Consumption spending, I=Investment spending, G= Govt. spending, NX=Net exports, T=Tax. Tax cut evokes positive shocks to aggregate demand. The long-run aggregate supply curve shifts outward because the natural rate of output rises. This spending results in greater supply, which means suppliers need to hire more employees or pay overtime and higher wages to existing ones to motivate them to produce more. This in turn creates new jobs and higher wages and yet higher total disposable income in the economy, further increasing aggregate demand. Short-run analysis: In the short run, there will be an outward shift of the aggregate demand curve. The real income and price will increase. It shifts the long-run aggregate supply curve outward because the natural rate of output rises. Short run aggregate supply is unchanged. Lon-run analysis: Tax cuts, in the long run, will shift aggregate supply to the right. Prices will fall. Truth is tax cut produces a very small increase in aggregate supply relatively large increase in aggregate demand. In long period, output is essentially determined by aggregate supply price by the movement of aggregate demand relative to the movement of aggregate supply. In the long run, shifts in aggregate demand affect the overall price level but do not affect output. Fisherian equation states, Real interest rate (r) =Nominal interest rate (n) Expected inflation rate (i) Thus, Or, n= (5/100) + (8/100) Or, n= (5+8)/100 Or, n =13/100 Therefore, required n=0.13 "Stagflation means stagflation plus inflation. It is a sustained period of both high inflation leading to high price rise and unemployment leading to slow economic growth. We now interpret this as resulting from price shocks, which affect aggregate supply. A three week lag was there between Federal Reserve policy meeting and the minutes release of that meeting. No, there was no consensus by officials on raising short-term interest rates in June as several officials thought June would be the right time to raise rates, others thought it would be better to wait longer and some thought the Fed might need to wait until 2016. Fed would raise rates when there would be further improvement in the labor market inflation would rise to 2% target. They would temporarily remove the imposed cap on new instruments known as overnight reverse repos. It could be too early to raise the rates, failing which would need to reverse course on rates. Exports could fall down due to appreciation of dollar. Three reasons why Fed could delay raising rates in June are: Anticipating improvement in labor market inflation to rise to 2% target. Raising rates too much too soon could weaken the economy could then be forced to reverse course on rates. Appreciation of dollar would mean restrain in US net exports.Two reasons not to delay are: To move up away from zero floor Dollar rose to 20% in the past years. The increase has already had some of the effects on the economy that higher interest rates would produce, including slowing growth and lower inflation. FED increases interest rates mainly to combat inflation (i.e. bring price stability) to avoid too much growth (i.e. to reach a level of sustainable economic growth.). Higher rates mean less disposable income for consumers. So, Savings goes up spending goes down. As inflation rises, consumers producers will cut back on spending. Prices go up when demand is greater than supply. This leads to fall in demand. This means the producers would cut down their production due to less demand. Less production means number of workers will be reduced by the producer leading to unemployment. Factors leading to recession are: drop in real wages; sharp decline in retail, devaluation. The external causes leading to recession in Russia are, fall in world oil prices and western sanctions imposed on Russia are the external causes. Brisk action not taken by the central bank in taking action against persistent falling ruble. One Monetary policy action is lowering rates. One Fiscal policy action is increasing govt. spending. The practical problems with the implementation of monetary policy is that saving will be discouraged. Thus, savers see a decline in income because they receive lower income payments. The practical problem with the implementation of fiscal policy is that it is at the expense of private sector spending and is therefore potentially harmful to some firms.